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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleph kernel</span></span>

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<p><b>Aleph</b> is a discontinued <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> kernel developed at the <a href="University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> as part of their Rochester's Intelligent Gateway (RIG) project in 1975. Aleph was an early step on the road to the creation of the first practical <a href="Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> operating system, <a href="Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a>.

</p><p>Aleph used <a href="Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communications</a> to move data between programs and the kernel, so applications could transparently access resources on any machine on the local area network (which at the time was a 3-Mbit/s experimental <a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>). The project eventually petered out after several years due to rapid changes in the computer hardware market, but the ideas led to the creation of <a href="Accent_kernel" title="Accent kernel">Accent</a> at <a href="Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, leading in turn to <a href="Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a>.

</p><p>Applications written for the RIG system communicated via <i>ports</i>. Ports were essentially message queues that were maintained by the Aleph kernel, identified by a <i>machine</i> unique (as opposed to globally unique) ID consisting of a process id, port id pair. Processes were automatically assigned a process number, or <i>pid</i>, on startup, and could then ask the kernel to open ports. Processes could open several ports and then "read" them, automatically blocking and allowing other programs to run until data arrived. Processes could also "shadow" another, receiving a copy of every message sent to the one it was shadowing. Similarly, programs could "interpose" on another, receiving messages and essentially cutting the original message out of the conversation.

</p><p>RIG was implemented on a number of <a href="Data_General_Eclipse" title="Data General Eclipse">Data General Eclipse</a> <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>. The ports were implemented using memory buffers, limited to 2 kB in size. This produced significant overhead when copying large amounts of data. Another problem, realized only in retrospect, was that the use of global ID's allowed malicious software to "guess" at ports and thereby gain access to resources they should not have had. And since those IDs were based on the program ID, the port IDs changed if the program was restarted, making it difficult to write servers with clients that could rely on a specific port number for service.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRashid,_Richard_F1986" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Rashid, Richard F</a> (1986). "From RIG to Accent to Mach: the evolution of a network operating system". <i>Proceedings of 1986 ACM Fall joint computer conference</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1128–</span>1137. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8186-4743-4</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1114881">1114881</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLantzGradischnigFeldmanRashid1982" class="citation journal cs1">Lantz, Keith A.; Gradischnig, Klaus D.; Feldman, Jerome A.; Rashid, Richard F. (October 1982). "Rochester's Intelligent Gateway". <i>IEEE Computer</i>. <b>15</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>68. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1982.1653859">10.1109/MC.1982.1653859</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBall" class="citation web cs1">Ball, E.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urresearch.rochester.edu/fileDownloadForInstitutionalItem.action?itemFileId=31505&itemId=13614">"RIG, Rochester's Intelligent Gateway: System Overview"</a>. <i>rochester.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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